When ships Electrical Engineer ETO need find and diagnose intermittent faults, where a short, open, or other problem occurs only temporarily, or only under certain conditions, is always a difficult troubleshooting problem. Two features found on most DMMs can help with identifying intermittent faults.

Continuity capture mode

This feature is useful for finding intermittent connections with small gauge wires and wiring bundles, and even intermittent ships relay contact. To check for intermittent opens, place the leads across the normally closed
or shorted connection and select Continuity Capture mode on the DMM. Wiggle the wire(s) and heat the connection with a heat gun, or cool it with circuit cooler to make the intermittent open appear. When the open is captured (as short as 250 μs), the display shows a transition from open to a short.
Intermittent shorts can be found the same way, by connecting to a normally open circuit and using the wiggling and heating/cooling techniques to capture the short. The only difference is that the transition
lines will go from the bottom of the display to the top.

Recording mode

Sometimes intermittent faults cannot be successfully induced while observing the DMM display. Some higher-end units have a recording mode with a date and time stamp. This type of DMM can be left connected to a circuit or piece of electrical equipment for an extended period of time to record the occurrence of an intermittent fault. The date and time of occurrence may provide clues that allow the electrician or technician to trace the cause of the fault.

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The megohmmeter (commonly called a megger in the field) is used to measure the resistance of insulation in megohms (thousands of ohms).

Test results indicate the presence of dirt, moisture, and insulation deterioration.
Megohmmeter instruction manuals provide detailed information about connecting to and testing various types of equipment. The following sections provide general guidance for common types of troubleshooting tests.

Testing DC Motors and Generators on ship

Disconnect a DC motor and a DC generator from its load. Then attach the negative test lead of the megohmmeter to the machine ground and the positive lead to the brush rigging. Measuring the insulation resistance in this manner indicates the overall resistance of all components of the unit.

To measure the insulation resistance of the field or armature alone, either remove the brushes or lift them free of the commutator ring and support the brushes using a suitable insulator. Connect one test lead to the frame ground and the other to one of the brushes. Insulation resistance of the field alone will then be indicated. With the brushes still removed from the commutator ring, connect one of the megger test leads to one of the segments of the commutator and the other to the frame ground. The insulating resistance of the armature alone will then be indicated. This test may be repeated for all segments of the commutator.

Testing AC Motors on ship

To test an ship AC motor, first disconnect the motor from its power source, either by using the switch or by disconnecting the wiring at the motor terminals. If the switch is used, remember that the insulation resistances of the connecting wire, switch panel, and contacts will all be measured at the same time. Connect the positive megger lead to one of the motor lines and the negative test lead to the frame of the motor. Compare meter readings to the established insulation resistance minimums.

Testing ships Circuit Breakers

Disconnect the circuit breaker from the line and connect the megger black lead to the frame or ground.
Check the insulation resistance of each terminal to ground by connecting the red (positive) lead to each terminal in turn and making the measurements.
Next, open the breaker and measure the insulation resistance between terminals by putting one lead on one terminal and the other on the second for a two terminal breaker; for a three-pole breaker, check among poles 1-2, 2-3, and 1-3.

Testing Safety of ships Switches and Switchgear

Completely disconnect from line and relay wiring before testing. When testing manually operated switches, measure the insulation resistance from ground to terminals
and between terminals. When testing electrically operated switches check the insulation resistance of the coil or coils and contacts. For coils, connect one megger lead to one of the coil leads and the other to ground. Next, test between the coil lead and core iron or solenoid element.

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Item 1 – Multimeter

It is essential that all test instruments be regularly checked for safety, and any connection leads, probes or clips checked to ensure that they are suitable for the voltage levels being tested. Never attempt to test a “LIVE” generator unless there is another competent person present who can switch off the power supply or shut down the engine in an emergency. The Multimeter is a comprehensive test instrument for measuring voltage, current and resistance.

Never expose “LIVE” connections unless you have created a safe working area around you. Make sure you have made all other persons in the immediate area fully aware of what you are doing.

Do not attempt to carry out tests on medium or high voltage generators without using specialised instruments and probes, with suitable protection equipment and procedures for grounding (earthing) the output terminals.

Item 2 – Tachometer or Frequency meter

This instrument is for measuring the shaft speed of the alternator and should be capable of measuring speeds between 0 and 5000 revolutions per minute, (RPM). An alternative to the tachometer is the frequency meter. However the alternator must be generating its normal output voltage for this instrument to be accurate.

Item 3 – Megger (Insulation test meter)

This instrument generates a voltage of 500V or 1000V, and is used to measure the resistance value of the insulation to earth (ground). It may be an electronic push button type, or a hand cranked generator type.

Item 4 – Clip-On Ammeter (Clampmeter)

Used to measure AC current, it consists of a pair of callipers, which are clamped around the conductor, and by means of a transformer action, gives an indication of the amperes flowing in the conductor. Useful ranges to have on this meter are
AC Amps 0-10-50-100-250-500-1000

Item 5 – Kelvin Bridge – low resistance meter

This instrument is used to measure resistance values below 1.0 ohm. They are bulky, and expensive, but are the only means of accurately measuring very low resistances, such as main stator and exciter rotor windings.
However, there are other methods of testing low resistance windings, and these are included in the various test procedures, i.e. Test Method A. This section will enable the main generator windings to be tested while running the generator at normal speed without load.

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Funny enough, most of them all lived from the middle of the 18th century to the middle of the 19th centrury!

Now, in order to know what we are talking about, let’s take a closer look at the sizes we’ll come across in the coming chapters:

Volt – main measuring units for ETO

Volt, V, in formulae: U, unit of electrical voltage, measured with voltmeter.
Defined by the Italian Alessandro Volta
(1745-1827).
1 V is the potential difference between the ends in a lead yielding a resistance of 1 Ohm
in which there is a current of 1 A.

Ampère – main measuring units for ETO

Ampère, A, amp, in formulae: I, unit for measuring electric current, measured with ammeter.
Defined by the Frenchman André Marie Ampère (1775-1836).
1 A is the current liberating 1,118 mg silver of a solution of silver nitrate.

Ohm – main measuring units for ETO

Ohm, Ohm, ½ (the Greek letter Omega), in formulae: R (Resistance), measured with an ohmmeter.
Defined by the German Georg Simon Ohm (1787-1854).
1 ½ is the resistance at 0°C in a 106,3 cm long mercurial column with 1 mm2 section.

Watt – main measuring units for ETO

Watt, W. in formulae: P, unit for measuring electric power, measured with wattmeter or calculated after the formula
P = U * I
i.e. power = voltage multiplied by current.
Defined by the Scotchman James Watt (1736-1819). Better known for the steam engine.

Coulumb – main measuring units for ETO

Coulumb, (pronounced coo-long) Coul, unit for measuring amount of electricity which is
designated ampère-second or ampère-hour.
Defined by the Frenchman Charles Coulumb (1736-1806).
1 coul is equal to the amount of electricity moving with a current intensity of 1 A in one
second.
1 ampèretime (1Ah) = 3600 coulumb

Farad – main measuring units for ETO

Farad, F, in formulae: C, unit for measuring the capacitor capacity.
To be calculated.
Defined by the Englishman Michael Farady
(1791-1867).
1 F is the capacity (charging) of a capacitor when the voltage is 1 V and the charge 1 coulumb.

Hertz – main measuring units for ETO

Hertz, Hz, cycle, designation of the frequency of an electric alternating current.
Defined by the German Heinrich Hertz (1857-1894).
1 Hz = 1 entire period per second.

Ørsted – main measuring units for ETO

Ørsted, unit for measuring electromagnetism.
Defined by the Dane H.C. Ørsted (1777-1851) who discovered the electromagnetism.

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An electro technical officer handles several responsibilities on vessel mainly related to electrical systems. Like most jobs at sea, as a ship officer handling electronics on a vessel, you are most likely to work under a chief engineer who supervises everything on a ship. And while under a chief engineer, your ship jobs would include the following things.

• Maintenance and working of electrical equipments on board

• Working of electrical parts like engine rooms, radio communications, electronic navigation needs like echo sounders, Gyro compass, Weather Fax, auto pilot, RADAR system, Broadcast and internal aerial system, telephone and talk back system and satellite communications

• Look into basic electric needs like refrigeration, bridge systems and control rooms

• Maintenance of emergency systems including emergency switches, fire alarms and detectors

• Vessel’s electrical components like navigational lights, battery backups and electrically operated propelling machinery

• Assist chief officer in handling routine works especially related to electrical handling

• Coordinate work with on shore technicians

• During emergencies, an electrical officer plays important role like every other ship officer. You would be required to handle the emergency situations and ensure all the equipment needed for safety is always ready

• An electro technical officer looks into electrical and technical aspects on a vessel. Hence working of computer controlled machinery would be supervised by an ETO.

• An electrical officer is immensely important on cruise ships and passenger vessels which have huge electrical requirements and unmanned technology handling them. Everything from refrigeration to air conditioning on such vessels would come under your supervision as an electro technical officer. 

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An electro technical officer is one of the most important people on a vessel, especially when it comes to his/her expertise of handling electrical equipment of the vessel.

For those who are interested in maritime jobs, a ship officer handling the electrical supervision of the vessel can be a suitable career choice. As an electro technical officer, your main duty would be to ensure functioning and maintenance of electrical equipments on vessel.

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Electrical engineer is one of the most vital positions in the technical hierarchy of a ship and engineer is responsible for his assigned work under the chief engineer’s instructions.
Some shipping companies do not carry electrical officers on their ship to cut down the manning cost and the electrical duties are carried by some one from the engineer’s side, normally third engineer. However, many companies realized that electrical and electronic system requires some extra attention and therefore require an expert to attend them.

As the technology is advancing, more and more automations and electronic circuit is replacing conventional and electrical systems. Hence the international Maritime Organisation (IMO) amended STCW 95 on 25thJune 2010 known as Manila amendment, to introduce a certified position of Electro-technical officer in place of electrical officer.

The general duties of electrical engineer or Electro-technical officer are:

• He is responsible for maintenance of all the electrical motors on ship i.e. in engine room and on deck.

• He is in charge of maintenance of all switchboard including main switchboard and emergency switchboard.

• He is responsible for maintenance of fire detectors and fire alarm system.

• He has to maintain all the ship’s alarm system.

• He is responsible for the electronic system fitted onboard ship.

• He is responsible for the ship’s navigational lights and other navigational equipments.

• He is responsible for all the batteries that are connected to machineries onboard. It includes:

–          Emergency batteries for alarm and lights
–          Lifeboat batteries
–          Batteries for emergency generator
–          Other batteries fitted onboard

• He is responsible for maintaining refrigeration unit in the engine room

• He has to take care of air conditioning unit of the vessel.

• Electrical officer is responsible for maintaining refrigerated containers carried on container ship.

• He is responsible for cargo and engine room cranes electrical system.

• He has to carry out routine maintenance for main engine alarms and trips along with the chief engineer.

• During the time of manoeuvring, he has to be present in the engine room along with other engineers to tackle any kind of electrical and other emergencies.

• Electrical officer can assist in watch keeping routines at desired time by the chief engineer.

• He has to assist ship’s engineer and deck officer in all kind of electrical problems.

Even the post of electrical officer is not a compulsion on a ship, but due to technicalities and complex knowledge requirement of the electrical and electronic system, they are extensively present in the shipping industry.

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